Parasite community of wild and cultured oreochromis niloticus from lake Manzalah, Egypt

A total of 323 O. niloticus [168 wild fishes and 155 cultured fishes] were collected from Lake Manzala, Egypt from July to September 2010. The fish samples were examined for both ectoparasites and endoparasites. The parasite community of wild and cultured, O. niloticus consisted of ten parasitic species, one protozoon [Trichodina spp.], six monogenea [Cichlidogyrus sclerosus, C. thurstonae, C. hallitypicus, C. tilapiae, C. ergensi, C. tiberianus], one acanthocephalan [Acanthogyrus [Acanthosentis] tilapiae] and two crustacean species [Lernaea cyprinacea and Ergasilus sp.]. Mean parasite species richness significantly differed between wild [4.9 +/- 0.3] and cultured [6.6 +/- 0.8]. The overall prevalence of infection in cultured O. niloticus [54.84%] was significantly higher as compared to that in wild fish [39.9%]. The most prevalent parasite was C. thurstonae [37.46%] and C. sclerosus [35.91%] while the less prevalent one was Ergasilus sp. [14.55%]. Host sex and host body size significantly affect parasitism in most parasite species

Synthesis of thiaphosphetane, thiadiphosphetane and thiazadiphosphetidine derivatives from the reaction of phosphacumulenes, phosphallene and phosphinimine with Lawesson's reagent

The active phosphacumulene ylides namely, N-phenylimino-[2], 2-oxo- [4] or 2-thioxo-vinylidenetriphenylphosphorane [6] are nucleophilic reagents which can be considered as versatile synthons for the synthesis of new heterocycles. They react with Lawesson's reagent [1] to give the corresponding thiaphosphetane derivatives 3, 5 and 7 respectively, which constitute an important class of heterocyclic compounds with medicinal and biological importance. On the other hand, Lawesson's reagent [1] can be converted by reaction with the active heteroallylic phosphonium ylide, hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane [8], into the thiadiphosphetane 9. When the phosphinimine 10 reacts with Lawesson's reagent [1], the thiazadiphosphetidine 11 was obtained

Effect of synthesized niclosamide organophosphortus derivatives on some metabolic aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and its compatibility to Schistosoma mansoni

The Molluscicidal potency of four synthesized Mannich bases and ten organophosphorus derivatives of bayluscide [niclosamide] were determined. Using Biomphalaria alexandrina snail, the intermediate host to Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt, of these derivatives,a single Mannich bases derivative [compound No, 13] showed higher molluscicidal effect than niclosamide, LC[50] 0.4 ppm after 24 hours at 25°C compared with 0.5 ppm for niclosamide. Three other derivatives [No. 15, 12 and 8] showed slightly less effect, their LC[50] 1.9, 3.4 and 4.1 ppm, respectively, Meanwhile, the four compounds showed considerable reducting effect on the cercarial production of schistosome-infected snails previously exposed to LC[5] of each compound before miracidial infection. Thus, the mean periodic number of cercariae/snail [two hours weekly] was found to be 55.8 +/- 41.8, 95.9 +/- 78.9, 162.6 +/- 145 and 209.35 +/- 168.4 cercariae/snail, respectively versus 242 +/- 230.4 and 502 +/- 290.4 in the case of niclosamide-treated and non-treated snails. The effect of the four compounds was tested on the glycolytic enzymes of snails, namely, hexolinase [HK], pyruvate kinase [PK] and glucose phosphate isomerase [GPI]. Much more reduction was recognized in [HK] by compounds No. 8 and 13 in comparison, with niclosamide and nontreated snails, being 2.6 +/- 0.82 and 3.7 +/- 1.6 n moles/min/g tissue versus 3.9 +/- 0.58 and 9.8 +/- 2.7 n moles/min/g tissue in niclosamide-treated and non-treated groups, respectively. PK showed also higher reduction with four compounds namely 15, 13, 12 and 8 compared with niclosamide-treated and non-treated snails, being 0.3 +/- 0.1, 0-.39 +/- 0.29, 0.46 +/- 0.08 and 0.98 +/- 0.138 in comparison with 1.51 +/- 0.52 and 1.8 +/- 0.62, respectively. No considerable change was found in the level of GPI in snails treated with 15, 13, 12 and 8 compounds relative to niclosamide-tested snails. The present results show that reduction in the periodic cercarial production is correlated with the lower level of HK enzyme in treated snails

Microhabitat and surface ultrastructure of neothoracocotyle commersoni and pricea multae [monogenea: microcotyloidea] from gills of scombrid fish, scomberomorus commerson

The microhabitat and surface topography of microcotylid monogenean parasites Neothoracocotyle commersoni and Pricea multae from gills of Spanish mackerels, Scomberomorus commerson, was investigated. The results showed that N. commersoni was aggregated at the first gill sector, while P. Multae was aggregated at both first and second sectors in single infestation. On contrary, in mixed infestation, N. commersoni occupied the first sector of gills and P. Multae was restricted only at the fourth sector with a high intensity of infestation compared with N. commersoni. The aggregation of single species of monogenea in restricted habitat may aid in the cross- fertilization, hence produce hybrids strains of parasites which might be more potent and vicious causing severe damage to the host. The surface ultrastructure of the representative monogenea showed that the tegument was provided with microvillus-like projections that suggested metabolic exchange and absorption of micromolecular nutrients from the surrounding environment. The architecture of clamps of N. Commersoni differed from that of P. Multae in possessing microvillous-like projections, which may act as an organ of nutrition, beside its principle attachment function. The ultrastructure of the clamps of both species provided an aid in understanding of the parasite habitat and survival

comparative study of the essential oils from certain mentha and saliva species grown in Egypt

The composition of the hydro-distilled essential oils obtained from the leaves of three mentha species viz. M. longifolia L. [Huds.] subspecies Schimperi [Briq.] Harley, M. piperita L. and M. spicata L. and two samples of Salvia officinalis L. collected from different locations was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic techniques [Gc-MS]. Piperitenone was the major constituent of M. longifolia L. essentia1 oil [21.57%], followed by isoborneol [13.84%] and 1,8-cineole [11.63%]. L-menthone [22.91%] constituted the main component of M. piperita L. essential oil, followed by cis-myrtanol [13.55%] and menthofuran [13.34%]. While, pulegone amounted [42.54%] of the essential oil of M. spicata L., followed by 1,8-cineole [13.45%]. Concerning the essential oil of S. officinalis L. [Giza], alpha-thujone [17.72%] was the major component, followed by camphor [13.29%] and 1,8-cineole [9.38%]. Camphor [33.35%] constituted the main component of S. officinalis L. Essential oil collected from Sinai, followed by alpha-thujone [18.87%] and 1,8-cineole [8.86%]. Antimicrobial screening showed that M. longifolia L. [Huds.] essential oil has a powerful antimicrobial activity, while M. spicata L. showed a moderate activity

Chemistry of phosphorous ylides 16 the insecticidal and molluscidal activity of new organophosphorus compounds

The activity of some new organophosphorous compounds against the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis and the fresh water snail Biomphalaria alexandrina was studied. These compounds were prepared from the reaction of active [Aa, b], stabilized phosphonium ylides [Ba-e, C] or iminophosphorane [D] with alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds [1, 10, 20]. Eighteen compounds were prepared, phosphoranylidene pyranones [2, 11], thioxophosphoranylidene pyranones [12, 21], complex phosphoranes [3-7, 13-17], oxaphosphorins [8, 18] and oxazaphosphorins [9, 19]. Only four chemical structures from these organophosphorous reagents and the alpha, beta-unsaturated organic compound were found to be active and showed satisfactory results as insecticides. The stomach action of these structures, however, was higher than the contact one. On the other hand, the molluscicidal toxicity was more pronounced, where 8 out of 21 structures displayed good effects in this respect. Although the toxicity of the prepared compounds are varied greatly according to their structures and the test organism, they are still less active than the commercially available pesticides

Phytochemical study of Laurence papulosa [forsook] grev part II lipids proteins and carbohydrates

The thalli of the red alga: Laurencia papillosa [Forssk.] Grev. yield 0.18% of lipids. Cholesterol was isolated and identified in the unsaponifiable fraction. Arachidic, arachidonic, heptadecanoic, lauric, myristoleic, palmitic, oleic or linoleic, stearic, tridecanoic and undecanoic acids were identified among 21 components of the saponifiable fraction by GLC technique. The total protein content in the thalli amounted 9.2%. Paper and two dimensional TLC techniques of the free amino acids and protein hydrolysate prepared from algal thalli showed the presence of alanine, aspartic and glutamic acids, leucine, serine, threonine, and tryptophan. While arginine, cystine, phenyl alanine, and valine were only noticed in the protein hydrolysate. Quantitative analysis of each of the amino acids in each fraction was carried out. The alga yielded 19.75% of neutral mucilage when extracted successively with cold and hot water. Xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose and galacturonic acid were detected in both cold and hot water mucilage hydrolysates by paper and TLC techniques

Phytochemical study of the red alga: jania rubens [L] lamx lipids vitamins, minerals, trace elements and halides

Gas liquid chromatography [GLC] analysis of the unsaponifiable portion prepared from Jania rubens [L.] Lamx. resulted in the identification of 11 components. N-Triacontane represented the major component [63.17%] followed by n-octacosane [32.01%]. TLC analysis of the sterols prepared as acetates resulted in the identification of campesterol and cholesterol. GLC analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters revealed the presence of 13 compounds; 10 of them were identified. Methyl arachidonate represented the major component [41.6%] followed by methyl oleate [12.8%] and methyl heptadecanoate [12.2%]. Ascorbic acid content of the alga was determined and it was found to contain 19 mg% w/w of the dry material. Also, vitamin B1 was determined fluorimetrically and its content was 0.5 mg% w/w of the dry material. The ash prepared from the thalli of Jania rubens [L.] Lamx. was analyzed for its minerals, trace elements and halide contents. This showed that the thalli were rich in calcium [6.67%], magnesium [2.41%], sodium [1.41%], iron [0.66%] and potassium [0.41%]. Also, the thalli contained chloride [4.22-5.14%], iodide [2.20-2.62%] and bromide [1.01-1.06%]

Isolation of [+] -tubocurarine and an unknown alkaloid from curare resin by a new chromatographic technique

This paper describes a new TLC method which gives an excellant resolution of the 12 alkaloids present in curare resin. The method is simple, suitable for isolation of [+]-tubocurarine alkaloid and the interferred unknown alkaloid in commercial curare resin. The unidentified laevorotatory alkaloid gives rise to particular problems in the production of pure d-tubocurarine chloride as it interferes in the crystallization process of d-tubocurarine. Pure crystalline [+]-tubocurarine and the unidentified alkaloid can be prepared by this method. It is also suitable for control analysis of commercial curare resin and [+]-tubocurarine chloride alkaloid